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- <text id=91TT2292>
- <title>
- Oct. 14, 1991: The Emperor's Old Files
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Oct. 14, 1991 Jodie Foster:A Director Is Born
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- BOOKS, Page 87
- The Emperor's Old Files
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By JOHN ELSON
- </p>
- <qt>
- <l>J. EDGAR HOOVER: THE MAN AND THE SECRETS</l>
- <l>By Curt Gentry</l>
- <l>Norton; 846 pages; $29.95</l>
- </qt>
- <p> For nearly five decades, he artfully promoted himself as
- America's chief guardian of law and order, ever on the alert to
- foil public enemies and Soviet spies alike. In fact, J. (for
- John, which he dropped in the '20s to avoid confusion with a
- small-time crook of the same name) Edgar Hoover, the longtime
- director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, was normally
- more engaged in battling his real enemies: anyone in Congress,
- the White House, the Justice Department or other intelligence
- agencies like the CIA who threatened his imperial sway over the
- crime-busting organization he had molded into an extension of
- his straitlaced, bureaucratic self.
- </p>
- <p> In this relentless but richly detailed biography, Curt
- Gentry lauds Hoover for transforming the FBI from a haven for
- corrupt political hacks into an efficient national police. But
- during much of the director's extraordinary reign, from 1924
- until his death in 1972, the bureau was virtually a law unto
- itself. Intercepting mail, wiretapping, burglaries, break-ins:
- the G-men insouciantly did them all, and usually without
- authorization by the courts or Hoover's nominal boss, the
- Attorney General. In peak years the FBI had as many as 1,000
- bugs in place at any given time. Bureau agents illegally
- listened to conversations between Alger Hiss and his attorneys
- during the accused Soviet spy's second trial in 1949. When G-men
- learned (via wiretaps, of course) that the leftish National
- Lawyers Guild was preparing a report on the bureau's illegal
- activities, agents burgled the guild's offices to steal copies
- so the President and the Attorney General would be prepared to
- counter the charges.
- </p>
- <p> For all the sub-rosa snooping, there were curious gaps in
- the FBI's store of ill-gotten knowledge. Hoover for years had
- loftily denied the existence of organized-crime families. As a
- result, the FBI had virtually nothing on file about the dons who
- were surprised by local police at a now famous Mafia summit in
- Apalachin, N.Y., in 1957. Two weeks before John Kennedy's doomed
- visit to Dallas in November 1963, FBI agents knew that Lee
- Harvey Oswald had threatened to kill the President, but they
- failed to notify the Secret Service. Hoover ordered documents
- shredded and forced agents to perjure themselves to keep the
- Warren Commission from discovering this shameful lapse.
- </p>
- <p> A key source of Hoover's power and longevity in office was
- his private dossier of personal and official/confidential files--derogatory information, often unsubstantiated, about the
- misdeeds and peccadilloes of celebrities and public officials.
- The material in these folders, kept under lock and key, served
- two purposes: 1) to amuse and titillate superiors whose favor
- the director sought to curry and 2) to cow potential opponents
- into silence and cooperation. Among the most feared and hated
- men in Washington was the bureau's unofficial liaison officer
- with Congress, whose task it was to inform a Senator, say,
- whenever G-men unearthed a particularly useful piece of dirt
- about the individual or his family. From then on, that Senator
- was usually in Hoover's back pocket on votes affecting the
- bureau.
- </p>
- <p> Hoover was unforgiving: once an enemy, always an enemy.
- Perhaps his most loathed nemesis was "Wild Bill" Donovan,
- wartime head of the Office of Strategic Services (the CIA's
- predecessor), who made the mistake of trying to take over the
- FBI's domestic surveillance operations for his own shop. Long
- after Donovan's death in 1959, Hoover continued to tell people,
- falsely, that his old foe had succumbed to syphilis contracted
- from prostitutes during World War II orgies. Eleanor Roosevelt
- made Hoover's hate list for having accused him of trying to
- build an American gestapo. In revenge, the director spread
- rumors of her alleged love affairs with both men and women.
- Hoover persuaded comedian W.C. Fields to give him a set of
- obscene drawings of the President's wife, which he delighted in
- showing friends.
- </p>
- <p> The son of a federal bureaucrat, Hoover had thought of
- becoming a Presbyterian minister before he was hired by the
- Justice Department as a clerk in July 1917. He so blatantly
- cultivated an image of pious rectitude that one wit dubbed him
- "that Virgin Mary in pants." In reality, Hoover was permanently
- on the take: he decorated his home at government expense,
- funneled royalties from his ghostwritten books into a private
- slush fund, accepted free vacations in Florida and California
- from toadying millionaires. Hoover had no qualms about using
- gossip about clandestine homosexual encounters for blackmail.
- Meanwhile, he was seen so often in the company of his deputy,
- Clyde Tolson, that stories constantly circulated that the two
- bachelors were lovers. (Gentry leaves unresolved the question
- of Hoover's homosexuality and generally is better at describing
- what the director did than at analyzing what made him tick.)
- </p>
- <p> "Hoover never trusted anyone he didn't have something on,"
- an aide once said. In the end, Gentry argues, Hoover became
- prisoner of the confidential files he had amassed to keep others
- in thrall. Harry Truman and John Kennedy had wanted to fire
- Hoover, but pressure on the director to step down reached a peak
- during the Nixon era. Fearful that his enemies might succeed,
- Hoover began going through the confidential folders to determine
- which ones might prove damaging if they fell into the wrong
- hands. He had barely reached the letter c when he gave up the
- task as hopeless. After Hoover's death, his faithful secretary,
- Helen Gandy, had the personal files secretly transferred to the
- director's home. It took her 2 1/2 months to get rid of them
- all. Destroying the files may have been illegal, Gentry writes,
- but it was an honorable attempt to preserve Hoover's good name
- and that of the bureau. Gandy knew the real secret of the files:
- "nothing they contained was as derogatory as the very fact that
- they existed."
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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